Please note: This is a companion version & not the original book. Sample Book Insights:#1 On April 23, 1925, a political meeting was held on rue Damrémont in the Montmartre neighborhood of Paris. The speaker was Pierre Taittinger, leader of the fascist organization Jeunesses Patriotes. The communists took the decision to hold the meeting on their turf, and four Jeunesses Patriotes died as a result.#2 In France, during the Dreyfus affair, three proto-fascist groups arose to oppose the Dreyfusard movement and defend the military and the anti-Semitic mobs. They were the Ligue antisémitique de France, the Ligue des Patriotes, and the Ligue de l’Action Française.#3 The first proto-fascists were members of the American South’s Ku Klux Klan, who used violence to intimidate and control black voters in the Republican party.#4 The specter of popular upheaval from below forced many conservative elites to take popular politics and alien liberal notions of public opinion seriously for the first time. This led to the creation of a number of organizations in France, Germany, Austria, and elsewhere, primarily with petit bourgeois constituencies that were often steeped in anti-Semitism.